<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JDS</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Data Science</journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1683-8602</issn><issn pub-type="ppub">1680-743X</issn><issn-l>1680-743X</issn-l>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>School of Statistics, Renmin University of China</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JDS1041</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6339/22-JDS1041</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Data Science in Action</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Does Aging Make Us Grittier? Disentangling the Age and Generation Effect on Passion and Perseverance</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Sanders</surname><given-names>Shane</given-names></name><email xlink:href="mailto:sdsander@syr.edu">sdsander@syr.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_jds1041_aff_001">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Gedara</surname><given-names>Nuwan Indika Millagaha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_jds1041_aff_002">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_jds1041_aff_003">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Walia</surname><given-names>Bhavneet</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_jds1041_aff_004">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Boudreaux</surname><given-names>Christopher</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_jds1041_aff_005">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Silverstein</surname><given-names>Merril</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_jds1041_aff_006">6</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="j_jds1041_aff_001"><label>1</label>Professor of Sports Economics &amp; Analytics, Falk College of Sport &amp; Human Dynamics, <institution>Syracuse University</institution>; 316 MacNaughton Hall Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, <country>USA</country></aff>
<aff id="j_jds1041_aff_002"><label>2</label>Research Associate of Data Science, <institution>Kansas State University</institution> Olathe, Olathe, KS 66061-1304; <institution>1DATA Consortium</institution>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.1DATA.life">www.1DATA.life</ext-link>, <country>USA</country></aff>
<aff id="j_jds1041_aff_003"><label>3</label>Department of Business Economics, <institution>University of Colombo</institution>, <country>Sri Lanka</country></aff>
<aff id="j_jds1041_aff_004"><label>4</label>Assistant Professor of Public Health, Falk College of Sport &amp; Human Dynamics, <institution>Syracuse University</institution>, <country>USA</country></aff>
<aff id="j_jds1041_aff_005"><label>5</label>Associate Professor of Economics, College of Business, <institution>Florida Atlantic University</institution>, <country>USA</country></aff>
<aff id="j_jds1041_aff_006"><label>6</label>Marjorie Cantor Endowed Professor in Aging, <institution>Aging Studies Institute</institution>; Professor of Sociology and Human Development &amp; Family Science, Maxwell School of Public Policy &amp; Falk College of Sport &amp; Human Dynamics, <institution>Syracuse University</institution>, <country>USA</country></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author. Email: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="mailto:sdsander@syr.edu">sdsander@syr.edu</ext-link>.</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>4</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>401</fpage><lpage>411</lpage><supplementary-material id="S1" content-type="archive" xlink:href="jds1041_s001.zip" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="x-zip-compressed">
<caption>
<title>Supplementary Material</title>
<p>For reproducibility, all data formatting and analysis scripts have been uploaded as Supplementary Materials and linked with the abstract of the article.</p>
</caption>
</supplementary-material><history><date date-type="received"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>6</day><month>3</month><year>2022</year></date></history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>2022 The Author(s). Published by the School of Statistics and the Center for Applied Statistics, Renmin University of China.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>Open access article under the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</ext-link> license.</license-p></license></permissions>
<abstract>
<p>Defined as <italic>perseverance and passion for long term goals</italic>, <italic>grit</italic> represents an important psychological skill toward goal-attainment in academic and less-stylized settings. An outstanding issue of primary importance is whether age affects grit, <italic>ceteris paribus</italic>. The 12-item Grit-O Scale and the 8-item Grit-S Scale—from which grit scores are calculated—have not existed for a long period of time. Therefore, Duckworth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_jds1041_ref_005">2016</xref>, p. 37) states in her book, <italic>Grit: The Power and Passion of Perseverance</italic>, that “we need a different kind of study” to distinguish between rival explanations that either generational cohort or age are more important in explaining variation in grit across individuals. Despite this clear data constraint, we obtain a glimpse into the future in the present study by using a within and between generational cohort age difference-in-difference approach. By specifying <italic>generation</italic> as a categorical variable and <italic>age-in-generation</italic> as a count variable in the same regression specifications, we are able to account for the effects of variation in age and generation simultaneously, while avoiding problems of multicollinearity that would hinder post-regression statistical inference. We conclude robust, significant evidence that the negative-parabolic shape of the grit-age profile is driven by generational variation and not by age variation. Our findings suggest that, absent a grit-mindset intervention, individual-level <italic>grit</italic> may be persistent over time.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<label>Keywords</label>
<kwd>achievement</kwd>
<kwd>aging</kwd>
<kwd>difference-in-difference</kwd>
<kwd>grit</kwd>
<kwd>personality</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<back>
<ref-list id="j_jds1041_reflist_001">
<title>References</title>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_001">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Alan</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Boneva</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ertac</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></string-name> (<year>2019</year>). <article-title>Ever failed, try again, succeed better: Results from a randomized educational intervention on grit</article-title>. <source>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</source>, <volume>134</volume>(<issue>3</issue>): <fpage>1121</fpage>–<lpage>1162</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_002">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Bettinger</surname> <given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ludvigsen</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rege</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Solli</surname> <given-names>IF</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Yeager</surname> <given-names>D</given-names></string-name> (<year>2018</year>). <article-title>Increasing perseverance in math: Evidence from a field experiment in Norway</article-title>. <source>Journal of Economic Behavior &amp; Organization</source>, <volume>146</volume>: <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>15</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_003">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Borges</surname> <given-names>NJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Manuel</surname> <given-names>RS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Elam</surname> <given-names>CL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jones</surname> <given-names>BJ</given-names></string-name> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Comparing millennial and generation X medical students at one medical school</article-title>. <source>Academic Medicine</source>, <volume>81</volume>(<issue>6</issue>): <fpage>571</fpage>–<lpage>576</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_004">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Credé</surname> <given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tynan</surname> <given-names>MC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Harms</surname> <given-names>PD</given-names></string-name> (<year>2017</year>). <article-title>Much ado about grit: A meta-analytic synthesis of the grit literature</article-title>. <source>Journal of Personality and social Psychology</source>, <volume>113</volume>(<issue>3</issue>): <fpage>492</fpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_005">
<mixed-citation publication-type="book"> <string-name><surname>Duckworth</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></string-name> (<year>2016</year>). <source>Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance</source>, volume <volume>234</volume>. <publisher-name>Scribner</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>New York, NY</publisher-loc>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_006">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Duckworth</surname> <given-names>AL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Peterson</surname> <given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Matthews</surname> <given-names>MD</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kelly</surname> <given-names>DR</given-names></string-name> (<year>2007</year>). <article-title>Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals</article-title>. <source>Journal of personality and social psychology</source>, <volume>92</volume>(<issue>6</issue>): <fpage>1087</fpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_007">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Duckworth</surname> <given-names>AL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Quinn</surname> <given-names>PD</given-names></string-name> (<year>2009</year>). <article-title>Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (GRIT–S)</article-title>. <source>Journal of personality assessment</source>, <volume>91</volume>(<issue>2</issue>): <fpage>166</fpage>–<lpage>174</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_008">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Eskreis-Winkler</surname> <given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Duckworth</surname> <given-names>AL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Shulman</surname> <given-names>EP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Beal</surname> <given-names>S</given-names></string-name> (<year>2014</year>). <article-title>The grit effect: Predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage</article-title>. <source>Frontiers in Psychology</source>, <volume>5</volume>: <fpage>36</fpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_009">
<mixed-citation publication-type="other"> <string-name><surname>Himmelman</surname> <given-names>CR</given-names></string-name> (2018). Are You Happy? The Relationship among Passion, Perseverance, Perceived Economic Mobility, and Cultural Indulgence Values (Doctoral dissertation, Walsh University).</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_010">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Howe</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Strauss</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></string-name> (<year>1992</year>). <article-title>The new generation gap</article-title>. <source>Atlantic-Boston</source>, <volume>270</volume>: <fpage>67</fpage>–<lpage>67</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_011">
<mixed-citation publication-type="book"> <string-name><surname>Howe</surname> <given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Strauss</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></string-name> (<year>2000</year>). <source>Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation</source>. <publisher-name>Vintage</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_012">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Kraft</surname> <given-names>MA</given-names></string-name> (<year>2019</year>). <article-title>Teacher effects on complex cognitive skills and social-emotional competencies</article-title>. <source>Journal of Human Resources</source>, <volume>54</volume>(<issue>1</issue>): <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>36</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_013">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Mooradian</surname> <given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Matzler</surname> <given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Uzelac</surname> <given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bauer</surname> <given-names>F</given-names></string-name> (<year>2016</year>). <article-title>Perspiration and inspiration: Grit and innovativeness as antecedents of entrepreneurial success</article-title>. <source>Journal of Economic Psychology</source>, <volume>56</volume>: <fpage>232</fpage>–<lpage>243</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_014">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Mroczek</surname> <given-names>DK</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Spiro III</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></string-name> (<year>2003</year>). <article-title>Modeling intraindividual change in personality traits: findings from the normative aging study</article-title>. <source>The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences</source>, <volume>58</volume>(<issue>3</issue>): <fpage>P153</fpage>–<lpage>P165</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_015">
<mixed-citation publication-type="chapter"> <string-name><surname>Mroczek</surname> <given-names>DK</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Spiro III</surname> <given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Griffin</surname> <given-names>PW</given-names></string-name> (<year>2006</year>). <chapter-title>Personality and aging</chapter-title>. In: <source>Handbook of the Psychology of Aging</source>, <fpage>363</fpage>–<lpage>377</lpage>. <publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_016">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Roberts</surname> <given-names>BW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Walton</surname> <given-names>KE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Viechtbauer</surname> <given-names>W</given-names></string-name> (<year>2006</year>). <article-title>Patterns of mean level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies</article-title>. <source>Psychological Bulletin</source>, <volume>132</volume>: <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>25</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_017">
<mixed-citation publication-type="chapter"> <string-name><surname>Swanson</surname> <given-names>JL</given-names></string-name> (<year>1999</year>). <chapter-title>Stability and change in vocational interests</chapter-title>. In: <source>Vocational Interests: Meaning, Measurement, and Counseling Use</source> (pp. <fpage>135</fpage>–<lpage>158</lpage>) (<string-name><given-names>ML</given-names> <surname>Savickas</surname></string-name>, <string-name><given-names>AR</given-names> <surname>Spokane</surname></string-name>, eds.). <publisher-name>Davies-Black Publishing</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>Palo Alto, CA</publisher-loc>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_018">
<mixed-citation publication-type="book"> <string-name><surname>Twenge</surname> <given-names>JM</given-names></string-name> (<year>2006</year>). <source>Generation Me: Why Today’s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—And More Miserable Than Ever Before</source>. <publisher-name>Free Press</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_019">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Twenge</surname> <given-names>JM</given-names></string-name> (<year>2008</year>). <article-title>Generation me, the origins of birth cohort differences in personality traits, and cross-temporal meta-analysis</article-title>. <source>Social and Personality Psychology Compass</source>, <volume>2</volume>(<issue>3</issue>): <fpage>1440</fpage>–<lpage>1454</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="j_jds1041_ref_020">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal"> <string-name><surname>Twenge</surname> <given-names>JM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Foster</surname> <given-names>JD</given-names></string-name> (<year>2010</year>). <article-title>Birth cohort increases in narcissistic personality traits among American college students, 1982–2009</article-title>. <source>Social Psychological and Personality Science</source>, <volume>1</volume>(<issue>1</issue>): <fpage>99</fpage>–<lpage>106</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
