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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JDS</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Data Science</journal-title></journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1683-8602</issn>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1680-743X</issn>
<issn-l>1680-743X</issn-l>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>School of Statistics, Renmin University of China</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JDS1004</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6339/21-JDS1004</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Data Science in Action</subject></subj-group></article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Large Scale GPS Trajectory Generation Using Map Based on Two Stage GAN</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Xingrui</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_jds1004_aff_001">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Xinyu</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_jds1004_aff_001">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Lu</surname><given-names>Ziteng</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_jds1004_aff_001">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>Hanfang</given-names></name><email xlink:href="mailto:hyang@ruc.edu.cn">hyang@ruc.edu.cn</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_jds1004_aff_001">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="j_jds1004_aff_001"><label>1</label><institution>School of Statistics, Renmin University of China</institution>, Beijing, <country>China</country></aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author. Email: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="mailto:hyang@ruc.edu.cn">hyang@ruc.edu.cn</ext-link>.</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>2</month><year>2021</year></pub-date>
<volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>126</fpage><lpage>141</lpage>
<supplementary-material id="S1" content-type="archive" xlink:href="jds1004_s001.zip" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="x-zip-compressed">
<caption>
<title>Supplementary Material</title>
<p>The trajectories data of Porto is available on Kaggle (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.kaggle.com/c/pkdd-15-predict-taxi-service-trajectory-i">http://www.kaggle.com/c/pkdd-15-predict-taxi-service-trajectory-i</ext-link>). Our Python code in experiment section can be found at <uri>https://github.com/XingruiWang/Two-Stage-Gan-in-trajectory-generation</uri>.</p>
</caption>
</supplementary-material>
<history>
<date date-type="received"><month>10</month><year>2020</year></date>
<date date-type="accepted"><month>1</month><year>2021</year></date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>2021 The Author(s). Published by the School of Statistics and the Center for Applied Statistics, Renmin University of China.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
<license-p>Open access article under the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</ext-link> license.</license-p></license></permissions>
<abstract>
<p>A large volume of trajectory data collected from human beings and vehicle mobility is highly sensitive due to privacy concerns. Therefore, generating synthetic and plausible trajectory data is pivotal in many location-based studies and applications. But existing LSTM-based methods are not suitable for modeling large-scale sequences due to gradient vanishing problem. Also, existing GAN-based methods are coarse-grained. Considering the trajectory’s geographical and sequential features, we propose a map-based Two-Stage GAN method (TSG) to tackle the challenges above and generate fine-grained and plausible large-scale trajectories. In the first stage, we first transfer GPS points data to discrete grid representation as the input for a modified deep convolutional generative adversarial network to learn the general pattern. In the second stage, inside each grid, we design an effective encoder-decoder network as the generator to extract road information from map image and then embed it into two parallel Long Short-Term Memory networks to generate GPS point sequences. Discriminator conditioned on encoded map image restrains generated point sequences in case they deviate from corresponding road networks. Experiments on real-world data are conducted to prove the effectiveness of our model in preserving geographical features and hidden mobility patterns. Moreover, our generated trajectories not only indicate the distribution similarity but also show satisfying road network matching accuracy.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<label>Keywords</label>
<kwd>generative adversarial network</kwd>
<kwd>GPS trajectory</kwd>
<kwd>spatial-temporal sequence</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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